1. Premenopausal women with high risk include:
Surgical menopause
Hypomenorrhea or amenorrhea
Anorexia nervosa
Premenopausal women with two or more major risk factors:
Positive family history
Height under 5 feet 3 inches
Loss of height of over one inch
Lifelong low calcium intake (milk intolerant or avoids all dairy products)
Previous fracture in adult years with minimal trauma or in classic fracture sites due to osteoporosis (e.g. vertebrae, wrist, hip, pelvis)
Evidence of osteopenis on plain radiograph
Age of 65
Ethanol abuse
2. Males with one or more major risk factors.
Hypogonadal (low pooled testosterone)
Ethanol abuse
Osteoporosis
3. Prolonged immobilization (more than one month)
4. High suspicion of poor calcium intake for more than ten years in select individuals.
5. Rheumatoid arthritis with continuous disease over a five year duration.
6. When a patient begins chronic corticosteroid medication or methotrexate and every one to two years while on these drugs.
7. Prolonged use of thyroid replacement.
8. Evaluation and monitoring of treatment program for osteoporosis.
Estrogen or estrogen/progesterone
Testosterone replacement
Calcitonin therapy
Anabolic Steroid therapy
9. Insulin dependent diabetes
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